Have Drugs Become Scapegoats In Wider Social Conflicts Criminology Essay

Have Drugs Become Scapegoats In Wider Social Conflicts Criminology Essay Across the world, many countries that experience issues like rising crime rates, domestic violence, unemployment, and even depression look for something to blame for these problems. Over the years there have been cases where authorities, in these countries, target illicit drugs and illegal use of pharmaceuticals as the cause of their problems. Because drug use causes such damage to addicts it easily becomes a scapegoat for wider social issues and conflicts between different racial, religious and national groups. USA In the United States, perhaps one of the most notorious examples of an illicit drug becoming a scapegoat was the situation with marijuana in the early 1900s. This stemmed back to the start of the 20th century when marijuana was mainly used by minority groups such as Mexican farm labourers, blacks from the southern states and Filipino immigrants. The 1910 Mexican revolution led to thousands of Mexicans fled to the US. The large wealthy farmers welcomed these people who were willing to work for low wages and local businesses made money because the migrants spent most of what they earned. (Marentes C Marentes C.P. 1996) However the townspeople and small farmers werent so happy about the immigration. Small family farmers were driven out of business because they couldnt compete with large farms that had cut their costs by paying cheap wages. Caught in the middle, the Mexican migrants became the focus for the economic conflict between business and labour. (Abel E L, 1980) The Mexicans use of marijuana was an easy target and racist politicians, in the farming areas, attacked the migrants as un-American and spread the myth that the use of marihuana caused insanity violence and crime. In 1911 the American consul in Mexico wrote a letter saying that marihuana causes the smoker to become exceedingly pugnacious and to run amuck without discrimination. (Richard J Bonnie, 1974, p.221) Journalists who wrote articles with shock headlines such as the Marijuana Menace and Killer Weed also encouraged these myths. Jerome L. Himmelstein argues that the Killer Weed image got created out of views that were held in society about the drugs original perceived users. Mexican labourers and other lower strata groups. These people were stereotyped as violent/enraged. This idea for marijuana continued until the user group changed during the 1960s, to the middle class youth. (Himmelstein, J.L., 1938, 7(1):35-62) In this way marijuana quickly became the popular scapegoat for the troubles of poverty, racism, and discrimination. The first states to outlaw the use of marijuana were the ones with large numbers of migrant workers from Mexico. California prohibited the possession of marijuana in 1907 and later included it in laws against hard narcotics, such as heroin and cocaine. In 1914, the town of El Paso outlawed the possession or sale of marihuana. The law wasnt really designed to protect the locals but rather as a way of making life more difficult for the foreigners who they resented. (Abel E L, 1980) In the 1960s marijuana again became the scapegoat for a social and cultural problem, this time between generations. During the sixties many young people rebelled against the lifestyle of their parents. They wore different clothes, grew their hair long and turned to different religions and radical politics. The older generation were shocked by the music they listened to, their sexual attitudes and their use of drugs such as LSD and marijuana. During this time the claim of marijuana as a Killer Weed was replaced by the opposite line of marijuana as a Drop Out Drug and in 1965, Time Magazine published an article saying that marijuana now affects users judgement and if used daily will dull a students initiative. (Time Magazine 1965, vol. 85: 49) Writing about this period in The Social Construction of Drug Scares Craig Reinarman says medical scientists were drawn into blaming drugs for the behaviour of youth because the dominant groups in society felt threatened by the younger generations rejection of conventional values. (Reinarman C (1994) 14:143) This rejection of authority came to head over the US war with North Vietnam. A large number of young Americans demonstrated against the war in Vietnam and this led to more conflict with the government authorities that wanted to neutralise the growing anti-war movement. The FBI often arrested protest leaders and activists on marijuana charges. In 1970, in response to what was seen as a growing drug problem, the US government passed the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act. Ireland Over the last 30 years Dublin, in the Republic of Ireland, has experienced an epidemic of heroin usage, and the problem continues today. Heroin first began flooding into the northern and southern part of Dublin in the late 1970s and since then heroin has become symbolically associated with violent crime, public health problems, massive unemployment and urban decay. For nearly 40 years the use of heroin has been responsible for a lot of the petty crime in Dublin. Addicts are involved in muggings, robbery of houses and prostitution as try to get money to buy the drug. But as the use of heroin criminal gangs moved into Dublin and this led to more violent crime, including many murders, as they fought to control the drug trade. A lot of the crime was between gangs but many innocent people were caught in the crossfire the most well known was Veronica Guerin, a journalist who was investigating drug crime, who was shot by criminals while stopped at a traffic light. (Maggie OKane 2000) Ireland has seen a huge increase in the number of heroin related deaths over last 30 years. According to a report in the European Journal of Public Health this is most noticeable in younger age groups where, for example, it rose from less than 1% in 1980 to 23% of 1519 year old male deaths in 1997. Many heroin users in Dublin also die from diseases such as AIDS and hepatitis caused by sharing needles. (Kelleher M J A, Keown P J, OGara C, Keaney F, Farrell M and Strang J, 2003/2004, vol. 15(6), p.589-592) In the late nineties unemployment rates in the disadvantaged areas of Dublin were estimated to be between 33% and peak at 45%. (OGorman A Illicit Drug Use In Dublin) However, in some areas this rate was as high as 55% over three times the average for all of Ireland. Many of the people who turned to heroin in the eighties and nineties lived in run down flats and as they spent more money on heroin the areas became even more dirty and miserable. As a result, many people who had lived in these areas for years and who were the source of a sense of community, moved out to different parts of the city. Often the empty flats were then used for temporary housing of homeless people, making the problem even worse. (Loughran H and McCann M E 2007, Newsletter of the Alcohol and Drug Research Unit, Issue 21) In Dublin its clear that heroin use is closely tied to the citys problems with crime, public health, massive unemployment and run down housing. However the real problem affecting most heroin users in Ireland is extreme poverty. Last year Belfast Telegraph reported the level of persistent poverty in Northern Ireland children is more than double that of those in Great Britain and said that 20% of families in Northern Ireland experience persistent poverty compared to a 10% in Great Britain. (Belfast Telegraph, 2009) A study by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation (JRF) blamed high levels of unemployment, disability, lower wages and poor quality part-time jobs for the high levels of poverty. (Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2009) Heroin addicts are the victims of this poverty and the use of the drug should not become the scapegoat for the problem. Poverty has been a major problem in Dublin for a long time. In the early 1900s its estimated that a quarter of families living in one room. (Lambert T, A Brief History of Dublin, Ireland) Heroin might be the thing that pushes people further into poverty but it wasnt the original cause of poverty in Ireland. Heroin is also not the reason for the high levels of disadvantage included the fact that 31% of the working age population isnt in paid work. Former Ireland international rugby player Gerry McLoughlin spoke out on the issues in Ireland saying the government had poor organisation in combating the drug epidemic. It seems to him that the real issue wasnt the Heroin, but abysmal efforts and moves made by Irelands government to fix issues of poverty, increasing crime and failing aid. All of which led to the drug usage. (Cusack J, 2008) There are all these people in quangos who are supposed to be dealing with this, but we can see nothing being done. There is no treatment or rehab centre in Limerick. We see all these people politicians included in their plush, posh offices doing nothing. They are out of touch with the suffering of people on the ground. (McLoughlin G and Cusack J, 2008) In the eyes of GARDAI (Garda Sochna na hireann Guardians of the Peace (of Ireland)) police, Heroin is seen as the drug of economic recession, as back in the 1980s, the drug took hold of the working class during economic failure. (Cusack J, 2008) Illicit drugs are a massive problem in many countries but in cases such as America and Ireland the use of drugs was made a scapegoat for social and cultural problems that had many other causes. References List Abel E L, (1980), Marijuana The First Twelve Thousand Years: Reefer Racism, Schaffer Library of Drug Policy, http://www.druglibrary.org/Schaffer/hemp/history/first12000/11.htm , Accessed 24 April 2010 Cusack Jim (2008). Gardai fear epidemic of heroin in rural areas, The Independant National News Himmelstein, J.L. (1938) From Killer Weed to Drop Out Drug, Contemporary Crises, 7(1):35-62 Kelleher M J A, Keown P J, OGara C, Keaney F, Farrell M and Strang J, 2003/2004, Dying for heroin: the increasing opioid-related mortality in the Republic of Ireland, 19801999, European Journal of Public Health, vol. 15(6), p.589-592 Lambert T, A Brief History of Dublin, Ireland, http://www.localhistories.org/dublin.html , Accessed 1 May 2010 Loughran H and McCann M E (2007) A community drugs study, Newsletter of the Alcohol and Drug Research Unit, Issue 21 Marentes C Marentes C.P., (1996) The first migrant workers http://www.farmworkers.org/immigrat.html Accessed 23 April 2010 New Policy Institute 2009 Monitoring poverty and social exclusion in Northern Ireland, Joseph Rowntree Foundation OGorman A, Illicit Drug Use In Dublin http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/4272/1/791-0739.pdf , Accessed 29 April 2010 OKane M (2000), The woman who knew too much The Guardian, Reinarman C (1994) The Social Construction of Drug Scares, Wadsworth Publishing Co., Chpt. 14: p143 Richard J Bonnie, (1974), The marihuana conviction;: A history of marihuana prohibition in the United States, University Press of Virginia; 1st edition p.221 Time Magazine (1965) Education: The Pot Problem, Time vol. 85: 49

Dispostional Personality Theories Essay

The two most common dispositional theories are Allport’s psychology of the individual theory and the trait and factor theory. Allport’s psychology of the individual theory emphasized that people are unique, even though they may share traits in common, and those unique qualities are what should be focused on. â€Å"More than any other personality theorist, Gordon Allport emphasized the uniqueness of the individual. He believed that attempts to describe people in terms of general traits rob them of their unique individuality†. In order to focus on the individuals uniqueness Allport felt that a broad theory is more useful than a narrow one and he would use information from different theorist in his research. For many years there has been much debate about how many traits actually have an effect on an individual’s personality. In recent years the majority of theorist have come to the conclusion that five is the magic number. Esyneck, McCrae, and Costa have focused their studies on the trait and facto theory and have done much research using standardized tests, clinical observations, and observations from friends and families of the individuals studied. â€Å"Trait and factor theories of personality are based on factor analysis, a procedure that assumes that human traits can be measured by correlational studies†. Each of these theories have different approaches to explaining an individual’s behavior. Both Allport’s psychology of the individual theory and the trait and factor theory have its own effect on individual personalities. Interpersonal relationships are influenced by each of these theories in its own way as well.

Kids, Work and Joan of Arc Essay Topics

Kids, Work and Joan of Arc Essay Topics How to Get Started with Joan of Arc Essay Topics? As soon as you get the prompt, attempt to correct the academic format with the aid of numerous free online writing guides. The very first step is important to starting to get in touch with the spirit guides. A whole lot of the ideas of the book cannot be doubted. He should be prepared to attempt Year 4, there is not any superior screenwriting software on the industry. It has lessons it's an excellent idea to get some note cards. If you have to write only 1 paper at the conclusion of the period, you can breathe out as you are blessed. Quite simply, he's got no money of his own. Ultimately, they're made to condemn her to death. Being sworn in the Dauphin's army proved to be a big turning point within her class, gender role, and life. Napoleon thought he was intended to be the ruler of the planet. She absolutely will not dress as a woman so long as she's a soldier. However, the king wouldn't let her go. Answering these questions is a superb means to go over some of the more important facts on her biography and historical legacy. It could sound not too helpful, but at the point of picking a topic, you ought to think about those characteristics of the subject that are simple and interesting for you. It means these individuals vividly find the huge picture and know which aspects of it need to get emphasized. The issue, Castor explains, is that categorization is over-simplistic. Brainstorming activities might provide help. I learned information which I had never heard before. This usually means you will produce your own ideas. It might be all sorts of ideas or inventions, information that you should write down for future usage, or something that you want to do for someone. However, Joan of Arc wasn't mad or crazy as a good deal of the folks within her time thought she was. She, however, is unsatisfied. Through him, she is able to obtain her first armor and her first chance to show her military skills. She seemed to be aware of her extraordinary destiny. She was a very courageous woman. It was really interesting to find out more about Joan of Arc. Here Joan, once more, was wounded, yet this time within her thigh. Joan's actions will forever be in History, together with all the other wonderful ladies, and men of earth. With Charles crowned, Joan would like to lead forces to attempt to take back Paris, but nobody supports this program. It turns out to be impossible, however, because Joan's personal beliefs simply don't jibe with the Church's. Noel is definitely my favourite person! The 30-Second Trick for Joan of Arc Essay Topics You must read most of this literature during the class of the expression. A structure of the type of academic assignment differs from the one students may have seen before when dealing with higher school essays. Then they list the different kinds of influenza, including, the Spanish flu. You may use the syllabus given to you from the instructor to be able to come across a topic for your research paper. Putting together an argumentative essay outline is the ideal approach to begin on but that doesn't signify that you can stay away from writing your argumentative essay! How much time does it take to finish a doctoral dissertation. How to earn thesis presentation ppt. No way, says everybody and all of them make excuses to leave the dream. In this manner, the lost of individuality might be a great thing. Everybody can contact them since every individual has them. A person's convictions to their beliefs require at times great work. She started hearing voices at age 13. There's a man inside her visions that basically predicts what is going to occur and tells her. This is the area where meditation is vital in everyday life. The location where you can feel as if you can breathe better and your head is clear. Quite simply, her behavior was beginning to attract the incorrect type of attention. In addition, I desire to estimate her perseverance for a figure of international fascination despite her historical origins in a world that is quite different to ours.

Juche North Koreas Leading Political Philosophy

Juche, or Korean socialism, is a political ideology first formulated by Kim Il-sung (1912–1994), the founder of modern North Korea.  The word Juche is a combination of two Chinese characters, Ju and Che, Ju meaning master, subject, and the self as actor; Che meaning object, thing, material. Philosophy and Politics Juche began as Kims simple statement of self-reliance; specifically, North Korea would no longer look to China, the Soviet Union, or any other foreign partner for aid. Over the 1950s, 60s, and 70s, the ideology evolved into a complex set of principles that some have called a political religion. Kim himself referred to it as a type of reformed Confucianism. Juche as a philosophy includes three basic elements: Nature, Society, and Man. Man transforms Nature and is the master of Society and his own destiny. The dynamic heart of Juche is the leader, who is considered the center of society and its guiding element. Juche is thus the guiding idea of the peoples activities and the countrys development. Officially, North Korea is atheist, as are all communist regimes.  Kim Il-sung worked hard to create a cult of personality around the leader, in which the peoples veneration of him resembled religious worship.   Over time, the idea of Juche has come to play a larger and larger part in the religio-political cult around the Kim family. Roots: Turning Inward Kim Il-sung first mentioned Juche on December 28, 1955, during a speech railing against Soviet dogma. Kims political mentors had been Mao Zedong and Joseph Stalin, but his speech now signaled North Koreas deliberate turn away from the Soviet orbit, and a turn inward.  Ã‚   To make revolution in Korea we must know Korean history and geography as well as the customs of the Korean people. Only then is it possible to educate our people in a way that suits them and to inspire in them an ardent love for their native place and their motherland.  Kim Il-sung, 1955. Initially, then, Juche was mainly a statement of nationalist pride in service of the communist revolution. But by 1965, Kim had evolved the ideology into a set of three fundamental principles. On April 14 of that year, he outlined the principles: political independence (chaju), economic self-sustenance (charip), and self-reliance in national defense (chawi). In 1972, Juche became an official part of North Koreas constitution. Kim Jong-Il and Juche In 1982, Kims son and successor Kim Jong-il wrote a document titled On the Juche Idea, elaborating further on the ideology.  He wrote that implementation of Juche required the North Korean people to have independence in thought and politics, economic self-sufficiency, and self-reliance in defense.  Government policy should reflect the will of the masses, and the methods of revolution should be suitable to the countrys situation. Finally, Kim Jong-il stated that the most important facet of revolution was molding and mobilizing the people as communists. In other words, Juche requires that people think independently while paradoxically also requiring them to have absolute and unquestioning loyalty to the revolutionary leader. Using Juche as a political and rhetorical tool, the Kim family has nearly erased Karl Marx, Vladimir Lenin, and Mao Zedong from the consciousness of the North Korean people.  Within North Korea, it now appears as if all of the precepts of communism were invented, in a self-reliant way, by Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-il. Sources Armstrong CK. 2011. Juche and North Koreas global aspirations. In: Ostermann CF, editor. North Korea International Documentation Project: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.Chartrand P, Harvey F, Tremblay E, and Ouellet E. 2017. North Korea: Perfect harmony between totalitarianism and nuclear capability. Canadian Military Journal 17(3).David-West A. 2011. Between Confucianism and Marxism-Leninism: Juche and the Case of Chong Tasan. Korean Studies 35:93-121.Helgesen G. 1991. Political revolution in a cultural continuum: preliminary observations on the North Korean Juche ideology with its intrinsic cult of personality. Asian Perspective 15(1):187-213.Kim, J-I. 1982. On the Juche idea. Blackmark Online.