Orgnaisational structure and design Analyses McDonald's individual Essay

Orgnaisational structure and design Analyses McDonald's individual - Essay Example Most of the restaurants are operated locally (nearly 75%) and the chain of restaurants, one of the most successful brands of today, serves not less than 58 million customers per day (Our Company, n.d.). To achieve goals every organization has certain plans and strategies. The first step to the fact is having well defined mission statement. Mission statement is a sort clarification by the company to the outside world about their prime objective. The mission statement of McDonald's states "be our customer's favorite place and way to eat" (TIUA, n.d.). The vision of the leading restaurant chain reads, "McDonald's vision is to be the world's best quick service restaurant experience. Being the best means providing outstanding quality, service, cleanliness, and value, so that we make every customer in every restaurant smile" (McDonalds Mission Statement, n.d.). To achieve the vision and the mission of any organization, it needs well set objectives and goals for the short and the intermediate term as vision and mission generally represent the long term status of the company. McDonald's, in 1979 came up with a popular scheme of 'happy meal' in which a toy was offered with the meal. Also to successfully implement the strategy taken, the company related their toys with many movies and their famous characters. The business strategy of McDonald's is that of a franchisee system.... The Business Strategy The business strategy of McDonald's is that of a franchisee system. The company generally employs local work force as the franchisee holders. It has a dual advantage. At the first place, the company can leverage out the contacts and networks of the local franchisee. On the other side, the local franchisee can use the global brand name of McDonald's and can get more footfalls in side the restaurant. Today, the biggest challenge faced by most of the multi-national companies is that of survival amidst continuous change and technological innovation. As the world is becoming increasingly smaller, people are becoming more conscious about the value for money. McDonald's in order to face and win such a tumultuous condition has been laying great emphasis on the following Speed - World has become very fast today. People have so many commitments to fulfill with the twenty fours of day. They would not like to wait for food for long at the restaurant. McDonald's has got this indication long before. It conducted certain surveys which revealed that the customers want the services at prompt. The company has been laying importance on speed since then. Cost - As customers are increasingly becoming aware about their hard-earned money, the only way out to have swift survival is through supplying quality food at low or reduced cost. One of the successful strategies in this regard initiated by the McDonald's is that of value meal. Under this scheme, customers enjoy discounts when they purchase number of items at once. Also some franchisee owners issue special discount on a special item on a special day of the week. Nutrition - McDonald's

Men, Friendship and Companionship in Moby Dick by Herman Melville Essay

Men, Friendship and Companionship in Moby Dick by Herman Melville - Essay Example It is difficult to sympathize with a man who is so engrossed in his own ego and is so taken by its irrational impulses. Moby Dick is the story of the mammoth ego of a relatively much smaller man! Its ending does not invoke tragedy, but only a sense of sheer futility of all ego-ridden endeavor undertaken by men. Ego and friendship are antitheses. We cannot imagine an Adolf Hitler having a bosom friend nor can we think of Ahab relaxing in the company of his near and dear ones. Such people are lone souls, which is not necessarily bad in itself, but often they happen to be lost souls too: they are not only cut off from their fellow human beings, they are also cut off from the vast natural world that sustains our existence. The ego as such, whether big or small, is a statement of our separation with the natural world. It is very useful, in the sense that it forms the basis on which we have built the great modern civilization and conquered nature, at least to a significant extent. Polynesians and other natives do not have much of an individuated ego, they live in exquisite harmony with nature and in harmony with each other; however, they do not have a civilization. Because the ego is needed for that: a crystallized sense of self against the world. Ego thrives on this opposition. But when this eg o gets totally caught up in the web of its own conceit and deceit, it is then that the road leads to perdition. We do need to assert ourselves, but not to the extent of positing ourselves at the very center of the world. Friendship and love happen only when we succeed in putting the others before ourselves, to whatever extent possible. But if we become all important to ourselves, then only death can release us from the big lie that we have become prisoners to. Friendship, love, and this feeling of oneness between ourselves and the greater whole - this is the truth. Ego is merely an illusion, albeit a very necessary one. We need to learn to lose our ego sometimes. At other times, we need to learn to use our ego, but still not be used and consumed by its megalomaniacal tendencies. Friendship is a beautiful experience, one of the most precious that is possible in human life. All that it needs is for us to put the weight of our egos aside and try to relate to the people and the world we see around ourselves in a more meaningful and deeper way - which is exactly the kind of thing that is impossible for colossal egos like Captain Ahab. Through all its rich narrative and storytelling, the one thing that Moby Dick conveys to us in the end is the meaninglessness and pointlessness of ego-obsessesed pursuits of man. But this is not to say that all ego is bad. For example, the central character of another nearly contemporary nineteenth-century epic, which too incidentally is set in the ocean and involves a giant sea-creature - Captain Nemo of Twenty Thousand Leagues is as gigantic an ego as is Captain Ahab. But there is a crucial distinction. Captain Nemo's ego is bent upon relentless construction, whereas Captain Ahab's ego is bent upon mindless destruction. Though both of them meet their deaths equally ingloriously at the sea, Nemo stands as a fallen hero, an inspiration

The Structure And Properties Of Surfactants

The Structure And Properties Of Surfactants Surfactants are compounds that lower the surface tension of a liquid, allowing easier spreading, and lowering of the interfacial tension between two liquids, or between a liquid and a solid. Surfactants may act as: Detergents Wetting agents Emulsifiers Foaming agents Dispersants STRUCTURE OF SURFACTANT Figure 1Surfactant molecule possess a dualistic character.This arises from the combination of a hydrophobic (water-rejecting) and a hydrophilic (water-preferring) group in one molecule.In a classical surfactant,the hydrophobic part usually consists of one or more hydrocarbon chains sometimes with various degrees of unsaturation and branching.However,the apolar part may also be partly or completely fluorinated or may be composed of a siloxane chain.The size and length of the hydrocarbon may vary considerably,but it must consists of atleast 8 carbon atoms.For the hydrophilic part(usually called the headgroup),there is a wide range of possible structures(Table1.1).The hydrophilic part can either be ionic or dipolar depending on whether the headgroup has a net charge or not. [1] PROPERTIES OF SURFACTANTS They enable the cleaning solution to fully wet the surface being cleaned so that dirt can be readily loosened and removed. They clean greasy, oily, particulate-, protein-, and carbohydrate-based stains. They are instrumental in removing dirt and in keeping them emulsified, suspended, and dispersed so they dont settle back onto the surface being cleaned. Surfactants are one of the major components of cleaning products and can be regarded as the workhorses: they do the basic work of breaking up stains and keeping the dirt in the water solution to prevent re-deposition of the dirt onto the surface from which it has just been removed. Surfactants disperse dirt that normally does not dissolve in water. As anyone who uses oil based dressings in the kitchen knows, oil and water do not mix unless shaken vigorously in the bottle. They separate almost immediately afterwards. The same is true when washing your dishes or clothes. With the addition of surfactants, oil, which normally does not dissolve in water, becomes dispersible and can be removed with the wash water. . CLASSIFICATION OF SURFACTANTS It is generally classified in 4 basic types depending upon the nature of the head group: Anionic Non anionic Cationic Amphoteric or zwitter-ionic Anionic Surfactants In solution, the head is negatively charged. This is the most widely used type of surfactant for laundering, dishwashing liquids and shampoos because of its excellent cleaning properties and high sudsing potential. The surfactant is particularly good at keeping the dirt away from fabrics, and removing residues of fabric softener from fabrics. Anionic surfactants are particularly effective at oily soil cleaning and oil/clay soil suspension. Still, they can react in the wash water with the positively charged water hardness ions (calcium and magnesium), which can lead to partial deactivation. The more calcium and magnesium molecules in the water, the more the anionic surfactant system suffers from deactivation. To prevent this, the anionic surfactants need help from other ingredients such as builders (Ca/Mg sequestrants) and more detergent should be dosed in hard water. The most commonly used anionic surfactants are alkyl sulphates, alkyl ethoxylate sulphates and soaps. Non anionic Surfactants These surfactants do not have an electrical charge, which makes them resistant to water hardness deactivation. They are excellent grease removers that are used in laundry products, household cleaners and hand dishwashing liquids. Most laundry detergents contain both non-ionic and anionic surfactants as they complement each others cleaning action. Non-ionic surfactants contribute to making the surfactant system less hardness sensitive. The most commonly used non-ionic surfactants are ethers of fatty alcohols Cationic Surfactants In solution, the head is positively charged. There are 3 different categories of cationics each with their specific application: In fabric softeners and in detergents with built-in fabric softener, cationic surfactants provide softness. Their main use in laundry products is in rinse added fabric softeners, such as esterquats, one of the most widely used cationic surfactants in rinse added fabric softeners. An example of cationic surfactants is the esterquat. In laundry detergents, cationic surfactants (positive charge) improve the packing of anionic surfactant molecules (negative charge) at the stain/water interface. This helps to reduce the dirtl/water interfacial tension in a very efficient way, leading to a more robust dirt removal system. They are especially efficient at removing greasy stains. An example of a cationic surfactant used in this category is the mono alkyl quaternary system. In household and bathroom cleaners, cationic surfactants contribute to the disinfecting/sanitizing properties. Amphoteric Surfactants These surfactants are very mild, making them particularly suited for use in personal care and household cleaning products. They can be anionic (negatively charged), cationic (positively charged) or non-ionic (no charge) in solution, depending on the acidity or pH of the water. They are compatible with all other classes of surfactants and are soluble and effective in the presence of high concentrations of electrolytes, acids and alkalis. These surfactants may contain two charged groups of different sign. Whereas the positive charge is almost always ammonium, the source of the negative charge may vary (carboxylate, sulphate, sulphonate). These surfactants have excellent dermatological properties. They are frequently used in shampoos and other cosmetic products, and also in hand dishwashing liquids because of their high foaming properties. An example of an amphoteric/zwitterionic surfactant is alkyl betaine. Figure 2 Figure 3 SURFACE TENSION Water has many unusual properties as a result of its ability to hydrogen bond. For example, the density of ice is less than that of the liquid and the predicted boiling point is almost 200 degrees C higher than it would be without hydrogen bonding. The water molecules at the surface of water are surrounded partially by air and partially by water. These surface molecules would be much more stable if they could be in the interior of the liquid where all their hydrogen bonds could be fulfilled (cohesion). Therefore, water normally tends to have the smallest surface possible, i.e. it has a high surface tension, in order to achieve the lowest possible energetic state. If a solid material more dense than water is placed on the surface of water, what happens next depends on the nature of the material. If the material is hydrophilic (water loving) it has a surface to which water is attracted. The adhesion of water to the surface of this material coats the surface of the object with water, reduces the surface tension, and causes the object to sink. If the solid object is hydrophobic (water fearing),the unfavorable interactions between the water surface and the object make it difficult to wet the surface. Two forces now come into play the energy it would take to overcome this repulsion and the force of gravity. If the force of gravity is strong enough, it will prevail and the object will sink (assuming that the object has a density greater than water). If the gravitational force is less than the surface tension then the object will float on the surface of the water. Surface tension is what permits water striders and other insects to walk across the surface of water and what enables a needle to float. Of course, the critical feature here is the amount of force per unit area put a needle into water end-on instead sideways and the needle will immediately sink. SURFACTANT FUNCTION Surfactants are also referred to as wetting agents and foamers. Surfactants lower the surface tension of the medium in which it is dissolved. By lowering this interfacial tension between two media or interfaces (e.g. air/water, water/stain, stain/fabric) the surfactant plays a key role in the removal and suspension of dirt. The lower surface tension of the water makes it easier to lift dirt and grease off of dirty dishes, clothes and other surfaces, and help to keep them suspended in the dirty water. The water-loving or hydrophilic head remains in the water and it pulls the stains towards the water, away from the fabric. The surfactant molecules surround the stain particles, break them up and force them away from the surface of the fabric. They then suspend the stain particles in the wash water to remove them. Surfactants can work in three different ways: roll-up, emulsification, and solubilization. Roll-up mechanism The surfactant lowers the oil/solution and fabric/solution interfacial tensions and in this way lifts the stain of the fabric. Figure 3 Emulsification The surfactant lowers the oil-solution interfacial tension and makes easy emulsification of the oily soils possible. Figure 4 Solubilization Through interaction with the micelles of a surfactant in a solvent (water), a substance spontaneously dissolves to form a stable and clear solution How can surfactants prevent dirt from being re-deposited? Surfactants have a vital role to play in preventing the re-deposition of soils like greasy, oily stains and particulate dirt on the surface or fabric from which they have just been removed. This works by electrostatic interactions and steric hindrance. Electrostatic interactions Anionic surfactants are adsorbed on both the surface of the dirt which is dispersed in the detergent solution, and the fabric surface. This creates a negative charge on both surfaces, causing electrostatic repulsions. This repulsion prevents the soil from re-depositing on the fabric. In the presence of hardness, however, this mechanism acts like a bridge between the suspended soil and the fabric. This is another reason why hardness sequestrants (a chemical that promotes Ca/Mg sequestration) are often used in detergents. Steric hindrance: Non-ionic surfactants like alcohol ethoxylates also adsorb on the dirt. Their long ethoxylated chains extend in the water phase and prevent the dirt droplets or particles from uniting and from depositing onto the fabric surface.Dirt is present in solution. The non-ionic surfactants adsorb to the dirt particles.Their long hydrophilic heads extend in the water phase and as a result prevent the dirt particles/droplets from uniting and from re-depositing onto fabrics. [2] SURFACTANT USES There are many uses of surfactant in different industries and different fields. Some of them are discussed below: Use of Surfactant in Detergents Surfactants are literally Surface Acting Agents. They are called this because they act to reduce the surface tension of a liquid, especially water. They are large molecules with two distinct parts. First there is a head which is hydrophilic. This means that it is attracted to water and soluble in water, usually because it has a positive or negative charge. The other part of the surfactant is the tail which is hydrophobic, meaning it is repelled by water. The tail is also lipophilic which means that it is soluble in organic solvents particularly oils and fats or lipids. It is this mixed structure which gives a surfactant its properties. When added to water the surface tension of water is reduced. The surface tension of water is caused by the hydrogen bonds which form between the slight charges on different parts of the water molecule (for further information see the water article). Surfactants break up these hydrogen bonds by remaining at the surface, their heads dissolved in the water but their tails extending out of the water, repelled by it. When the surfactant concentration increases sufficiently, micelles are formed. These are spheres of surfactant with all the heads on the outside protecting all the tails within.[3] Use of Surfactant in Cosmetics Shampoos and soaps clean by the use of surfactants (surface active agents). Surfactant molecules have both fat soluble (lipophilic) and water-soluble (hydrophylic) parts. The lipophilic part of the molecule sticks to oil and dirt, and the hydrophilic part allows water to then carry away the otherwise water-insoluble grime. Washing-up detergents work in the same way, although it isnt generally advisable to wash your hair with dishwashing liquid they are formulated to remove thick grease from plates, not to gently clean your hair! [4] Use of Surfactants to remove solvent-based inks from plastic films There is substantial economic and environmental incentive to remove the ink (deink) from heavily printed plastic films so that the plastic can be reused to produce clear films. In this study, polyethylene films printed with solvent-based ink were deinked using surfactants under a variety of conditions. Water without surfactant does not deink the solvent-based ink from plastic films over a pH range of 3 to 12. In common with earlier studies of water-based inks, it is found that solutions of cationic surfactants are the most effective for deinking of solvent-based ink but a pH of at least 11 is required. Presoaking of plastic film in aqueous solution of cationic surfactant increases the level of deinking. Limited studies performed with a pilot-size paper deinking apparatus on solvent-based ink removal indicates that the deinking of plastic film using surfactant solutions is technically feasible. [5] Pulmonary Surfactants and Therapeutic uses, including Pulmonary Lavage The present invention discloses useful surfactant molecules including polypeptides, proteins, and a variety of other organic molecules, as well as methods of making and using same. Surfactant compositions, including liposomal surfactant compositions, are also disclosed. Use of the surfactant molecules of the present invention in pulmonary lavage procedures for a variety of therapeutic applications is also disclosed, including the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome; the removal of inflammatory exudate from inflamed lung tissues; and the treament of meconium aspiration syndrome in infants. [6] Adsorption of non-petroleum base Surfactant on reservoir rock SURFACTANT molecules adsorb well to solid interfaces such as the porous media found in petroleum reservoirs.The adsorbed surfactant layer represents both an additional resistance to flow as well as loss of surfactant properties and is therefore, of fundamental importance in the enhanced oil recovery (EOR) process that involves the flow of surfactant solution through porous media.According to Austad and Milter1, chemical flooding of oil reservoirs is one of the most successful methods to enhance oil recovery from depleted reservoirs at low pressure. [7] Use of Surfactant in Neonates Surfactant replacement therapy has become an established treatment for neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). This article reviews the current evidence for the various practices regarding the use of surfactant in this condition, looking at surfactant type, timing of the first dose, size and frequency of the dose and the need for further doses. As the use of surfactant is expanding into other lung diseases in adults as well as children, we also review those neonatal conditions where surfactant may be of benefit and summarize the evidence published to date supporting its use in these conditions. [8] Surfactant as Antifog Many of the cheaper anti-fogs are made of surfactants like glycerin (soap) and water or alcohol combinations. That works for a very short period. Better anti-fogs usually contain advanced silicones but suffer from poor spreading. You have to rub them in and wipe off excess. [9] Surfactant as Fabric Softner Fabric softeners have long been used to soften fabric and prevent static cling. Available in dryer sheets or liquid form, fabric softeners are made up of surfactants or surface acting agents. It is these chemicals that create a softer, fluffier feel to your laundry. Surfactants contain chemicals with lubricating properties. These chemicals coat fabrics with a waxy film that lubricates them, causing them to feel smoother or fluffier. Its suggested that these lubricating chemicals also make ironing easier and reduce drying time and wrinkling. The lubricating properties of surfactants are a result of positive charges affecting negative charges. Surfactants are generally acidic and made up of positively charged particles. These positively charged particles attract the negatively charged particles within scratchy fabric. The negative charge is neutralized, creating a lower frictional resistance. Thus, there is less static cling and the fabric feels softer and less scratchy to touch. [10] Surfactant in Ski Waxes Once the ski is in motion, you are applying pressure and exerting friction, melting the snow, and creating a fine layer of water between your ski base and the snow. Control and maneuverability in skiing is derived from altering the structure of this water. Hertel wax systems perform a special process using an encapsulation process; tiny bits of surface-active agents formulated into the waxes interact with water, decreasing surface tension and friction, plus increasing control. The wax breaks up the water (snow) resulting in easier running, better control, added safety, and more fun. When commanded to turn, skis slide with ease. [11] Effect of oil soluble Surfactant in emulsions stabilised by clay particles Although surfactants and particles are often mixed together in emulsions, the contribution of each species to the stabilisation of the oil-water interface is poorly understood. We report the results of investigations into the formation of emulsions from solutions of surfactant in oil and aqueous suspensions of laponite. Depending on the salt concentration in the aqueous suspensions, the laponite dispersed as individual disc-shaped particles, 30 nm in diameter, or flocculated into aggregates tens of micrometres in diameter. At the concentrations studied, the flocculated particles alone stabilized oil-in-water emulsions. Synergistic interactions between the particles and octadecylamine at the oil-water interface reduced the average emulsion drop size, while antagonistic interactions with octadecanoic acid enhanced coalescence processes in the emulsions. The state of particle dispersion had dramatic effects on the emulsions formed. Measurements of the oil-water interfacial tension revea led the origins of the interactions between the surfactants and particles. [12] Surfactant in process for deinking of recycled paper A process for deinking recycled paper using a pressurized deinking module to separate ink from paper pulp stock. The addition of salts of imidazolinium based compounds with alkyl, alkenyl and amidoethyl side chains to the pulp slurry at the beginning of the pressurized deinking module cycle removes ink more effectively and results in a brighter recycled paper and an increase in yield of final paper stock. [13] Surfactant in Spermicides (NONOCYNOL-9) The most common active ingredient of spermicides is Nonoxynol 9. Spermicides containing Nonoxynol-9 are available in many forms, such as jelly (gel), films, and foams. Nonoxynol-9, sometimes abbreviated as N-9, is an organic compound that is used as a surfactant. It is a member of the nonoxynol family of nonionic surfactants. N-9 and related compounds are ingredients in various cleaning and cosmetic products. Its use is controversial because it may cause genital lesions. Nonoxynol-9s ability to kill microbes in vitro was initially taken as evidence that it might be effective at preventing STD transmission. However, more recent findings indicate that it may actually increase a persons risk of contracting STDs, especially if used frequently. This is because the chemical causes tiny abrasions inside the sensitive vaginal and anal walls. [14] Surfactant in Ferro Fluid:Magnetic Liquid Technology A ferrofluid is a stable colloidal suspension of sub-domain magnetic particles in a liquid carrier. The particles, which have an average size of about 100Ã… (10 nm), are coated with a stabilizing dispersing agent (surfactant) which prevents particle agglomeration even when a strong magnetic field gradient is applied to the ferrofluid. The surfactant must be matched to the carrier type and must overcome the attractive van der Waals and magnetic forces between the particles. The colloid and thermal stabilities, crucial to many applications, are greatly influenced by the choice of the surfactant. A typical ferrofluid may contain by volume 5% magnetic solid, 10% surfactant and 85% carrier. [15] Surfactant as Alkali Surfactant Polymers In the Alkaline Surfactant Polymer (ASP) process, a very low concentration of the surfactant is used to achieve ultra low interfacial tension between the trapped oil and the injection fluid/formation water. The ultra low interfacial tension also allows the alkali present in the injection fluid to penetrate deeply into the formation and contact the trapped oil globules. The alkali then reacts with the acidic components in the crude oil to form additional surfactant in-situ, thus, continuously providing ultra low interfacial tension and freeing the trapped oil. In the ASP Process, polymer is used to increase the viscosity of the injection fluid, to minimize channeling, and provide mobility control. Oil Chem Technologiess patented ORS and ORS-HF series surfactants are specifically formulated for each field to optimize the oil recovery. Crude oil characteristics, brine characteristics, bottom hole temperature, alkali, well history, and treatment design are considered to maximize the treatment results. [16] Other applications of surfactants are: In biochemistry, the practical as well as theoretical importance of surfactants may be illustrated with the following examples: Surfactants have allowed the investigation of molecular properties of membrane proteins and lipoproteins, acting as solubilizing agents and as probes for hydrophobic binding sites. The properties of surfactants, as well as further facts relevant to the particular experiments, must be carefully considered. Surfactants have successfully contributed to the purification of receptors in their active forms, such as the neuropeptide receptors and opiate receptors. All holoreceptor- complex and reaction- center isolations require the use of a surfactant in order to separate the integral protein systems from the rest of the membrane. Surfactants have been used in the investigation of the denaturation of bacteriorhodopsin and in thermal stability experiments of rhodopsin. The operations of exchange and removal of surfactants bound to membrane proteins are crucial and have been successfully applied to a wide variety of these proteins. The effects of surfactants on the function of membrane-bound enzymes such as cytochrome P-450 and (Na+ + K+)-ATPase have also been determined. Integral membrane proteins can be separated from hydrophilic proteins and identified as such in crude surfactant extracts of membrane or cells . Methods for the solubilization of low-density lipoproteins have advanced the understanding of the assembly, interconversion and molecular exchange processes with plasma lipoproteins. In electrophoresis, various techniques require the use of surfactants. The popular techniques of SDS-PAGE for the identification and subunit molecular weight estimation of proteins is based on a specific type of surfactant-protein interaction. 2D-PAGE uses SDS in one direction and Triton X-100 in the other. This technique has been used to identify proteins containing long hydrophobic regions and relies on the different binding ability of non-ionic surfactants to water-soluble and intrinsic membrane proteins. Isoelectric focusing, native electrophoresis and blotting are other electrophoretic techniques which may need surfactants for the solubilization or transfer of membrane proteins. In high performance liquid chromatography, common techniques such as ion-exchange HPLC, reversed-phase HPLC and sizeexclusion-HPLC may require surfactants to solubilize membrane proteins. Ionpair HPLC requires surfactants as reagents in order to achieve the separation conditions (ionpairing). Affinity surfactants have been used as reversibly bound ligands in high performance affinity chromatography. Crystallization of membrane proteins was achieved using short chain surfactants, which are believed to shield the hydrophobic intermembrane part of the molecule. Thus the polar interactions betvveen individual molecules come into play, providing the stabilizing force in crystallization. Surfactants are also employed to promote the dissociation of proteins from nucleic acids on extraction from biological material. Further applications of surfactants in biochemistry are the solubilization of enzymes in apolar solvents via reversed micelles and the isolation of hydrophobic proteins. [17] CAPTION TO FIGURES: Figure 1-http://www.scienceinthebox.com/en_UK/glossary/popup-roll-up-mechanism.html Figure 2-http://www.scienceinthebox.com/en_UK/glossary/popup-emulsification.html Figure 3-http://www.caes.uga.edu/applications/publications/files/html/B1319/images/Figure%202.jpg BOOK REFERREDFigure 4-http://www.inkline.gr/inkjet/newtech/tech/dispersion/surfactants.gif APPLIED SURFACTANTS:PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS -BY THARWAT F. TADROS WILEY-WCH PUBLICATION

Spain :: Spains Economy, Politics, Culture

Spain or also known as the kingdom of Spain is a beautiful country with a very alluring geography, history, culture, economy, missionary effort, and state capitol. Since Spain is such a large country it is packed full of information to research about. Spain is also the origin of many holidays and practices. Just because Spain is a foreign country doesn’t mean it can’t be interesting to others. Geography Spain is a beautiful country with astonishing landmarks and geographic information. Spain is located in southwest Europe (World Almanac 834) on the Liberian peninsula (Croy 7). To the north of Spain is France and the Bay of Biscay, to the south is the Strait of Gibraltar in the east is the Medaterian Sea, and in the west are Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean (World Almanac 834, 466). Two major landforms are the Sierra Nevada and the Pico de Aneto Mountain (World Book 741). Spain is also the largest country in the Liberian peninsula (Croy 7). Two major rivers in Spain are Duro River and the Guadiana River. (World Book 471). Spain’s language is Spanish and their religion is Roman Catholic and Muslim (World Almanac 834). Spain’s main natural recourses are gold, fish, and livestock (World Almanac 835). Economy Spain’s economy is a well-based way to equally spread money to all of the people. Spain’s currency is the European union euro. The gross domestic per capita is thirty three thousand six hundred euros a year. In labor force 2.4 percent goes to agriculture, 24 percent to industry, and 71.1 percent to services (World Almanac 835). By January twenty third 2011 One U.S.A dollar is only zero point seventy-five euros and one euro is equal to one dollar and thirty-three cents (Culture Grams). Three major agriculture products are wood, potash, and Zink (World Book 743). Culture Spain’s culture is very unique with interesting holidays and ethnic groups. One of Spain’s most interesting holidays is called the Twelfth Night. During the Twelfth Night the people of Spain give gifts instead of on Christmas. Even thought give them on the Twelfth Night but they still celebrate Christmas (Croy 27). Their ethnic groups are mixed Mediterranean and Nordic and their language is Spanish (Gale Vert Reference Library). On January eighteenth 2011 the population was 40,548,753 people and the literacy rate was 99% for male and 99% for female. The definition of literacy rate is, â€Å"The percentage of people over 15 who can read and write a paragraph of their life† (Culture Grams).

Managerial issues in managing an organization’s IS infrastructure Essay

Managerial issues in managing an organization’s IS infrastructure Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An information system refers to an integrated collection of components that assist in collecting, storage, and processing of data into meaningful information that is distributed to organizations in the right format for the purpose of making decisions. Organizations make use of information systems for the purposes of carrying out and managing their day to day operations, interacting with their customers and suppliers to give an organization an upper hand in competitive markets. Information systems are very delicate because of the sensitive information that is stored in them. For this reason, dedicated managers are required to manage information systems. This paper is made to focus on managerial issues associated with managing an organization’s Information system infrastructure. Some of the managerial issues include;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The amount of resources to manage in form of data has increased greatly. Recently, the amount of data being produced and processed by organizations has tremendously increased. This requires that the IS managers exercise a lot of caution when dealing with information systems because loss of this data means a big loss to the organization. For example, a company’s server may contain information about all the business transactions done by the company with a period of more than one year. Also with the growing data stored by a firm, more skills and experience are required.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The increasingly changing technology makes both hardware and software of an organization obsolete within a very short period of time. This means that the information system managers will keep on buying new software and hardware-this makes the sector very expensive to manage. Also the changing technology calls for continuous learning. The managers are required to go back to class and update themselves with new technologies. This is not only very inconveniencing but also time consuming.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another managerial issue associated with managing an organization’s information system’s infrastructure is building of a Responsive and adaptive information system Infrastructure. Systems that reacts to different situations in different ways and also that can be easily customized to be applied in a different sector should be developed. For example, when a system module of fails, the system is expected to provide the user with information that might have caused the failure.in addition, in case of failure of the system, it should respond quickly by guiding the user on what to do. The system should also be in such a way that it adapts to changing functions and user needs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another issue associated with managing an organization’s IS infrastructure is developing and Managing Distributed Systems. Firms with many branches cannot be operated as a single unit but rather as a distributed system whereby its services can be accessed anywhere. It is a challenge to manage a distributed system and ensure that same services are available in all the branches of the firm with the same ease and response.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another managerial issue in managing an organization’s IS infrastructure is planning and managing communications networks. According to Watson (1997), use of technology for communication and processing information heavily depends on access to suitable external and internal communication networks. It is difficult to manage communication networks because of the many challenges associated with them. Many hackers target information systems communications networks and therefore managing IS infrastructure.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to Brancheau (1996), recruiting and developing information system human Resources is issue associated with managing an organization’s IS infrastructure. Currently, there is a high shortage of qualified information system personnel which continue to threaten the security of many firm’s IS infrastructure. Many people shy from information technology jobs because of its demanding nature- the IS personnel are require to stay up to date with emerging technologies like communication networks, multimedia interfaces, object-based development and distributed systems. This calls for more continuous training of which many people are not ready.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Information system managers are also faced with the challenge of improving Information Security and Control amid the many IT security threats. With the increasing number of cyber-crime related cases, it is now a challenge for IT managers to manage the IS infrastructures with ease. This is because anytime the information system infrastructure is at a threat of being hacked (Niederman 1991).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Preventative maintenance is an issue in managing an organization’s Information system infrastructure. IS software and hardware has to be protected from threats. For example, up to date antivirus software is required to protect IS software and hardware from virus attack. This is expensive in both time and finance required because the antivirus has to be kept up to date (Alavi 1999).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Managing an organization’s Information system infrastructure is also a challenge because the software and hardware used must adhere to the set international IS industry standards such as OSI and CISCO. Developing an IS that does not conform to the set IS international standards may affect things like data flow and make the firm’s information system easy to hack (valacich 2014).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Globalization is also an issue that affects management of organization’s Information system infrastructure. The development of information systems has changed the world to a village. Globalization leads to faster spread of cybercrimes, viruses among other threats.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are many managerial issues associated with managing an organization’s Information system infrastructure most of which may lead to financial loss to the organization. Issues like virus attacks and cybercrimes are very rampant and actions should be taken to solve them. A firm’s IS manager should take all the necessary actions to protect the information system infrastructure from any kind of threat. References Alavi, M., &Leidner, D. E. (1999).Knowledge management systems: issues, challenges, and benefits. Communications of the AIS, 1(2es), 1.Brancheau, J. C., Janz, B. D., &Wetherbe, J. C. (1996).Key issues in information systems management: 1994-95 SIM Delphi results. Mis Quarterly, 225-242. Niederman, F., Brancheau, J. C., &Wetherbe, J. C. (1991). Information systems management issues for the 1990s. MIS quarterly, 475-500.Valacich, J. S., Schneider, C., & Jessup, L. M. (2014).Information systems today: managing in the digital world. Pearson. Watson, R. T., Kelly, G. G., Galliers, R. D., & Brancheau, J. C. (1997).Key issues in information systems management: an international perspective. Journal of Management Information Systems, 91-115. Source document

Pimps Up Ho

In a generation where women have done extraordinary things such as run for Vice President, they are still seen by most men as their personal toys or objects. And to top it off, young men are starting to see women as such as well. Due to these â€Å"icons† such as DMS, Outpace Shaker, DRP. Deer, Jay-Z, etc. Are idealized by the youth but decide to relay the wrong message. Their constant use of bitched, sluts, huffs, to describe women have been implanted in the youth and they believe it is okay to say.Not only have they implanted derogatory words, but have implanted negative perspective of women. More specifically, men and women alike have a misconception of â€Å"groupies†. Sharply Whiting in her book Pimps up, Who's Down: Hip Hop's Hold on Young Black Woman, she addresses society's stereotypes and misconceptions of groupies and the mindset of a lot of these women. In chapter 5 (I'm a Hustle Baby: Groupie Love) of Pimps up, Who's Down: HIP Hop's Hold on Young Black Women , Whiting takes the time to define and evaluate society's view of groupies.The term â€Å"groupie† describes omen who pursue sexual relations with celebrities; particularly athletes and musical artist. The word originated from the asses-asses from Rolling Stone's bassist Bill Woman as a code word for the woman on tour. Whiting not only takes the time to define groupie, but analyzes a few women who lived that groupie lifestyle. She first analyzed rock n roll groupies. Pamela Des Barres, a rock groupie from back in the late ass's, who explained the life of a rock groupie in her book I'm With a Band: Confessions of a Groupie.Des Barres mentions the â€Å"drug abuse, depression, sex, and her naive experimented with feckless rock stars† but also describes that in her era, that the â€Å"knee bending and head bobbing† was the purpose of the groupies in her era. These women accepted the roles because they used It as a way to express their sexual liberalism. On the cont rary to rock groupies, hip hop groupies look for more than Just a fun time. They are looking to â€Å"vigorously derive power or fame (however small) from knowing public men privately†. While rock star groupies are more fan based, hip hop groupies pick based off the biggest contract or chart topping record.In a sense, both he groupies and hip hop stars feed off one another. While the groupies seek that power and fame mentioned earlier, hip hop stars desire that â€Å"seemingly uncomplicated and submissive groupie love† that boost their egos. There are different forms of groupies, those who do it for money, fame, or the thrill of pursuing a celebrity. But it is all just one big hustle to a female, Just like drug dealing or the rap game. Whiting uses details from Ukraine â€Å"Superheat† Stefan' book â€Å"Groupie Confessions† to describe the scheme behind being a hip hop groupie. For starters, hip hop groupies do not consider themselves groupies.On the con trary to back In the ass's-ass's, hip hop groupies have to maintain secrecy In order to stay In business. If women today announced they were groupies, they would then forever be cursed to constant ridicule and succumb to the stereotypes that rappers portray in their music. Would do interviews and she would hear comments such as â€Å"this Just in, no more whoring† or â€Å"so I shouldn't solicit you for sex today'. Stefan decided break the ultimate code of â€Å"you do your dirt, everyone knows you do your dirt, but no one talks about it†. Hip hop groupies know not to put themselves in the same situation asStefan, it is bad for business and they would be under constant scrutiny for the rest of their lives. As mentioned, groupies have a reason behind why they live the life as a â€Å"slut† (as some people perceive them). People see these women as having low self- esteem, and they are right about most of them. A lot of groupies have suffered from â€Å"parental neglect, rape, and domestic violence† that have caused them to do whatever it takes to feel loved by someone; even if that means degrading themselves. However, there are many other reasons as to why groupies do what they do.One Europe mentioned how she pursued high profile males because they are safer than some random guy at the bar. She said that â€Å"these guys represent an adventure in a safe way because you know who they are and you can go find them if you need to†. Another factor is more obvious one: bragging rights. Groupies want to be able to go home to their friends and talk about how they had sex with so and so. They believe there is nothing wrong with women wanted to have sex, and Just because they chose a celebrity to pursue they shouldn't be Judged for that. In a sense they act Just like men: â€Å"conquer and destroy, and it's a wrap†.This brings up the conversation that women in this generation have to suffer from double standards because if men we re pursuing celebrities to have sex with them, it would Just be men being men. One woman indicated that â€Å"pretty much the reason she bucked Jay-Z Just to say that they did it† and a lot of men and women alike believe that there is nothing wrong with that. However, some women Just want to have sex and Just happen to find a celebrity attractive. This reason is why women believe that they shouldn't be labeled as a groupie because they want to have sex with a celebrity.A perfect example of this is a young woman who had a sexual relationship with rapper Ill Wayne. After a concert she was asked to Join him on his bus and after conversing, had sex that night. She stated that she did go on the bus because she is a fan of his but that is not the reason that she had sex with him. She said â€Å"he was a gentleman†¦. A real respectful guy', and it was his personality that made her have sex with him. She also said â€Å"l wouldn't consider myself a groupie, because I wasn't do ing it because of who he was. I was kind into him as a person.I acted the same with him as I would with a regular arson who's not a rapper†. And there are plenty other women who have had a similar experience and would say that they are not groupies, but women having sex with a man they find attractive. Another reason groupies live that lifestyle because they enjoy the adventure. It really has zero to do with celebrity and everything with the thrill of the adventure leading up to it. Rapper Killer Mike said it best that â€Å"with a groupie, it anti about you. It is about her. She's Just fulfilling her moment. You're Just a character in the story.Tomorrow it's goanna be Newly and then it'll be Young Buck†. At the end of the day, a lot of groupies could care less about the celebrity per say, but about the adventure. Pursuing a celebrity is like a high to groupies rather than the sex itself. Other women do for more materialistic reasons. They received â€Å"perks such as money, diamonds, and furs in exchange for their trysts, a night in a nice hotel and so they can receive that overzealous amount of money from divorce, child support, or a rape charge. As mentioned earlier, this groupie life is one big hustle.Rappers spends hours in the studio, ball players spend hours in the gym, and groupies spend ours getting their looks together. At the end of the day, they are all pursing that high profile lifestyle. So the â€Å"hustle† mentioned in Wittings title â€Å"I'm a Hustle, Baby: Groupie Love† is actually the groupie. Whiting uses an evaluation claim by looking from both ends of the spectrum. She analyzed people's viewpoint on groupies and then analyzed the groupies' mindset. As mentioned before, a lot of people see groupies as sluts and who's looking for a get rich quick scheme and are willing to degrade themselves in the process.But if you look at from the groupies' point of view, hey have various reasons as to why they do what they do . Yes some do it for the money, but others do it for the pursuit, daddy issues, or bragging rights. Regardless of their reasons or even have degrading as it may seem, groupies see what they do as a Job and should not be Judged for it. There is not much pathos found in this chapter. However, the few comments by Ukraine â€Å"Superheat† Stefan really stuck out to me. She went from â€Å"expected and received money from every man in her life, especially celebrities† to hitting a â€Å"low point of homelessness-living out of her car tit her son†.There was a lot of emotion found in Stefan comments and more importantly it shows the highs and lows of a groupie. It also shows that being a groupie is a tough life to live. If you're doing well, you are at a all-time high, but even with the smallest slip up, you hit rock bottom. Stefan said it best that the same people who â€Å"write you a $10,000 check before, are the same ones who will tell you no in time of need†. Stefan however, was very upset about how no one was there for her when she needed them the most and used that to fuel her in the making of her very detailed book.The ethos in Wittings argument is pretty obvious. She uses women who have been in the â€Å"groupie business† to tell the reader details about the Job. For instance, I mentioned earlier about rock groupie Pamela Des Barras and her eventful life back in the ass-ass, and Ukraine Stefan and her ups and downs with some of the icons in the hip hop industry. Wittings evaluation claim would not be credible without analyzing these two women. Not only are these women describing the life of a groupie, but they also have some best-selling books that have very graphic but accessory details to better define challenging life of a groupie.All in all, there are stereotypes that come with every career field. People are going to Judge especially if it is not socially acceptable. Also, women live in a time with they will be degraded and double standards have a choke hold on them. Nevertheless, women, Just as men, are looking to make it in this world and sometimes being a groupie comes with that. At the end of the say, being a groupie, Just like being a rapper or drug dealer, is one big hustle and should not be Judged until knowing the real reason behind their career choice.

The Top 100 Transportation Jobs to Look for Right Now

The Top 100 Transportation Jobs to Look for Right Now If you’re interested in a career in transportation, or in finding a new career in the field, the tides of the industry are on your side. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), jobs that fall under the category of â€Å"transportation and material moving† are projected to grow through the year 2024, adding hundreds of thousands of jobs. Jobs in transportation can fall under many umbrellas. Check out the most thriving jobs in the field and see if one might be a good fit for you.Air Asset ControllerAir Traffic ControllerAircraft CaptainAircraft Quality Control InspectorAirfield Operations ManagerAirfield Operations SpecialistAirfield Operations SupervisorAirline DispatcherAirport Grounds Operations WorkerAirport ManagerAirport TransporterAirworthiness SpecialistAmbulance DriverAviation ManagerAviation Safety InspectorBoat CaptainBoat OperatorBoom Truck OperatorBulk DriverBus DriverChauffeurClass A DriverClass B DriverConductorCopilotDeck OfficerDock MasterDrive rDriver HelperDriver ManagerDriver SupervisorDriving TeacherDump Truck OperatorEmergency Vehicle DriverEquipment MoverFlatbed Truck DriverFlight AnalystFlight AttendantFlight CoordinatorFlight EngineerFlight InstructorFlight NavigatorFlight SchedulerForklift OperatorGeneral Transportation DirectorHelicopter PilotHousehold MoverJet PilotLocomotive EngineerLog Truck DriverMapping PilotMarine OilerMedical Cylinder DriverMotor Coach OperatorOver the Road Driver (OTR Driver)Owner / OperatorPallet Jack OperatorParking Lot AttendantParking Services SpecialistParking Systems ManagerPassenger Service AgentPatient Transport DriverPick Up and Delivery DriverPilotRail Motor Coach OperatorRamp AgentRelief DriverResidential DriverRoute DriverSailorSanitation DriverService Station AttendantShip CaptainShip Chief EngineerShip NavigatorShip SuperintendentShuttle DriverSimulator InstructorSkycapStacker OperatorStreet Cleaning Equipment OperatorSubway and Streetcar OperatorTaxi DriverTest PilotTest Pi lot ManagerTicket AgentTolling SpecialistTow Truck DriverTrain ManagerTransit DirectorTransit ManagerTransit OperatorTransit PlannerTransportation AideTransportation AnalystTransportation Facility RepresentativeTransportation InspectorTransportation Mobility ManagerTransporterTruck DriverVan DriverWheelchair Van DriverYard HostlerAccording to BLS, the median annual wage for transportation occupations was $30,730 in 2016.Education requirements differ for professions within the transportation field- many ask for no formal education or a high school diploma, while some require a post-secondary degree.This is a varied fields with lots of opportunity nationwide- do some searching to find the perfect position for your career goals!

Assumptions in Quantitative Research Essays

Assumptions in Quantitative Research Essays Assumptions in Quantitative Research Paper Assumptions in Quantitative Research Paper Post-positivism allows researchers to examine realities through a variety of measurement tools; thus accessing realities which could elude measurement by direct observation (Giddings Grant, 2007; Schumacher Greener, 1992). Regardless of whether the researcher adopts a positivist or post-positivist philosophy, the description of the paradigms begin with assumptions about the researchers role and relationship to the setting, and by identifying the epistemological and validity assumptions underlying the choice of the role and relationship. The conviction that there is a reality existing outside of the researcher, hat this reality can be observed (ontology), and that knowledge of this reality can be measured objectively (epistemology) are foundational assumptions in quantitative research (Hathaway, 1995). Thus the objects of interest are measured by instruments (e. G. , telescope), the data is examined and analyzed to determine if logical patterns are present, and rational theories are constructed to explain and predict a variety of facts (Hathaway, 1995). Ontologically the researcher assumes that the external reality is comprised of facts that are law-like and provide structure or a theoretical framework to this reality. Physics provides an example of this approach. Methodological and Ontological  Assumptions Empirical-analytical inquiry is characterized by the researchers detached or objective view from the setting under study. This objectivity or detachment is, in part, due to the assumption that the object under study is separate from or independent of the researcher (Eisner, 1981; Smith, AAA; Smith, Bibb). In the empirical analytical view, researchers adhere to the mind-reality duality and the mind is seen as separate from reality (Hathaway, 1995). Another way of considering objectivity is that of being hurry neutral (Schumacher Greener, 1992). This is an extreme view and within the contemporary empirical analytical view, researchers would claim that most inquiry is theory laden (Smith, Bibb). However, with objectivity as the goal, the researcher strives to prevent biases throughout the research process and attempts to control the research design for validity, credibility, and reliability (Burns Grove, 1997). While it is impossible to achieve complete objectivity, cultivating an awareness of potential threats and taking measures to decrease threats whenever possible serves to strengthen the research project. It is important to underscore the intertwined nature of the assumption about objectivity and the assumption that a reality exists outside of the observer. The observer, or researcher, assumes that reality exists outside of the human experience (Carroty, 1998; Polite-OHara et al. , 1991). In other words, there are facts with an objective reality separate from the beliefs of the researcher therefore reality exists regardless of the researchers presence (Firestone, 1987). In a contemporary perspective, reality holds a mediated position between the objective and subjective worlds. Reality affects human beings and unman beings effect reality (Schumacher Greener, 1992). Thus unobservable realities exist and can be represented in theoretical concepts. This line of thinking extends teen assumption AT realty Deanna Tanat wanly can De crossover only Dye slung the senses. An example of an unobservable reality would be a belief that depression is a reality. Depression is not an object that we can observe. Rather we can observe phenomena such as actions, behaviors, and consequences that may be associated with depression. Given this phenomenon, theoretical Judgments are made about what constitutes a theoretical reality of depression. The theoretical construct enables the researcher to design a research project on the subject of depression. Linked to the assumption about reality is the assumption that reality consists of facts or truths that can be known (Hathaway, 1995) and these facts provide the researcher with a theoretical framework to help guide the inquiry (Firestone, 1987). The researcher aims to precisely and define categories based on these facts before the study begins and then determines the relationships between them (Firestone, 1987; Smith, Bibb). Hypotheses establishing a relationship between cause and effect are rived from these categories and only the data that is relevant to them are collected and tested. An extreme critique may be that reality is being actively structured by the researchers prosecuted categories and that this methodology is unduly controlled regarding what is relevant to the study. The assumption underlying this point is the deterministic or linear nature of hypothesis testing. Control is inherent in this method of inquiry which is another underlying assumption of quantitative research. Researchers using a more moderate approach within the post positivist paradigm recognize that research is a human endeavor. They derive their a priori categories from personal beliefs or experience, from theoretical formulation, or from their own or others interpretive research (Hathaway, 1995). Because reality is considered to be relatively stable and researchers are able to observe it, a further assumption is that of objective measurement (Polite-OHara et al. , 1991). The purpose of objective measurement is to gain an understanding about the reality of a phenomenon in an objective manner (Giddings Grant, 2007). Thus, in the act of documenting and measuring, the researcher, in the role of a detached onlooker, reserves objectivity (Hathaway, 1995). In other words, it is essential that the measurement tool(s) and process are objective to gain closer proximity to true knowledge of the phenomenon. Measurement is an important assumption in quantitative research and measurement tools, if properly designed and applied, can lead the researcher to greater understanding about the phenomenon. Measurement is the process of assigning numbers to the phenomenon using some type of rule (Burns Grove, 1997). Before assigning numbers there is an assumption that the measurement tool(s) will be accurate in measuring the phenomenon. For example, if a researcher wants to measure pain, a measurement tool such as a pain scale could be used. Alternatively, the researcher could choose to measure opinions about various pain treatments. In order to measure the opinions, the researcher would assign numbers to the most likely responses observed. In constructing the pain treatment opinion tool(s), it is essential that the measurement tool(s) have an appropriate correspondence to the reality of pain treatment opinions (Polite-OHara et al. , 1991). Thus to accurately measure a phenomenon, the measurement tool(s) must be based on a reality and be as objective as possible. The assumptions of reality, objectivity and measurement are interrelated and integral to the ontology and methodology AT quant I t tattle research. I nose assumptions are essential components in the design of quantitative research projects. An example is if the researcher seeks to understand philosophies of childhood, their assumptions about reality, objectivity, and measurement related to this philosophy are embedded in the designing the research project. There is an assumption that a reality about philosophies of childhood exist. Additionally, there are assumptions that philosophies of childhood can be measured and done so objectively. The researcher would consider how to objectively measure philosophies of childhood when developing the research design. If there were no existing tool(s) to measure the reality of philosophies of childhood, it would be necessary to develop a measurement tool(s) which could accurately measure the phenomenon. In developing the tool, the researcher would make objective theoretical Judgments about what variables (e. G. , psychological, biological, etc. ) would signify this phenomenon. In sum, assumptions that the reality (philosophies of childhood) exists, that such realities are measurable, and that the assortment and process of inquiry are as objective as possible are hallmarks in the quantitative approach to research. Epistemological Assumptions Knowledge within the empirical analytical paradigm has utility if it is generalized. The aim of inquiry is to generalize from the particular and apply a theoretical framework that can be applied universally (Hathaway, 1995). Therefore the aim of generalization is served by the development of universal knowledge. A broad example is research on the efficacy of pain medications. Control and experimental groups are observed to determine the effects of a specific drug. If there is justification to believe it alleviates pain the medication is made available for treating the population at large through a regulated process. Knowledge is also defined by what researchers call data and the selection of meaning. The researcher conducting empirical analytical inquiry makes decisions that will reveal what is generally applicable to all similar situations (Firestone, 1987; Smith, AAA; Smith, Bibb). Taking a critical stance, Habeas (1971) claimed that such inquiry implies a dissociation of knowledge from human interest (Habeas, 2005) and questions the it with individual contexts, values, and preferences. Caution must be taken when considering that the context of discovery may be quite different than the context of practice. Separating the universal from the particular is accomplished through several processes (e. G. , instrumentation and precision) and methodological assumptions (e. G. , measurement techniques) (Hathaway, 1995). The researcher, independent of specific situations under study, determines a set of hypothesized categories based on a priori knowledge and conducts a controlled inquiry to give meaning to phenomena that have significance at a generalized level. Data are considered factual or context-free when they have the same meaning across situations and settings (Hathaway, 1995). Conclusion The decisions researchers make concerning research methods have a direct impact on how they make meaning of their world. By adopting quantitative research, reality is structured and understood in a particular way. In some ways, the choice of quantitative approaches creates the reality we are attempting to discover. By making a choice to conduct quantitative inquiry, we choose our paradigm or assumptions auto teen world (Leaner, BIBB; Hathaway, 1 Assumptions Tanat a realty exalts operate from the researcher, that such realities are measurable, and that the measurement and process of inquiry are as objective as possible are hallmarks of quantitative research. References Lender, J. S. (1986). Educational research: A personal and social process.

Analysis Of The Market For Kids Apparel Marketing Essay

Analysis Of The Market For Kids Apparel Marketing Essay Popular culture is no longer regional. The advent of cable television, syndicated radio programs, and the Internet has created a world where a fashion statement in New York will be on the streets in a small mid-western town in a matter days. The speed of our telecommunication system has increased young customers’ expectations and demands for products that represent their own cultural statement. This clothing store business plan details how Smoke Jumpers will offer young customers the youth-oriented products and clothing that are popular in large urban areas but not available locally. The target customer is â€Å"Generation Y,† age 11-18, who listens to alternative music, participates in youth sports like skateboarding and snowboarding, and looks toward alternative clothing trends in large urban areas for inspiration. Smoke Jumpers will provide the distinctive clothing, shoes and products that are just ahead of the fashion curve. Introduction Good times for the Indian k ids’ apparel market are in the offing. The evolution in the buying behavior of children, and their influence over their parents results in a big difference in purchase decisions. Media exposures and promotions also cause a significant influence in the market. Evolving dynamics in this market have made it necessary for the manufacturers and retailers to evolve their business strategies’ in order to sustain themselves in the market. Many manufacturers come up with their own brands, while some others enter into business through joint ventures. Today’s kids are more fashion conscious, and are ready to experiment with clothing. Increase in the amount of disposable income, and retail blitz has brought a sea change in the Indian kids apparel market. With kidswear being considered as a part of the lifestyle segment and a strong emphasis is being placed on brands, this segment proves to be a potential business Objective of Feasibility study Products SmokeJumpers will off er young customers the following youth-oriented products and clothing: Shoes Jackets Sweaters Shirts Pants Bags Hats T-shirts Dresses and skirts Shorts Kids Wear Industry/Market Analysis Market for kids’ apparel is the fastest growing industry in India. Manufacturers are coming up with fancy materials targeting kids who are more interested in the upcoming fashion trends. Children’s garments are available in various forms and designs. Kids’ apparel market is more unorganized than any other segment of apparels. The market is a proposition of the good, bad and the ugly. A huge volume of kids’ apparel in India is being dominated by local and unorganized players. This gives an excellent opportunity for the organized players to lay a strong foundation in this segment. Indian market is now moving towards an international look in terms of children’s apparel. Cotton plays a major role in the clothing of children. Approximately, 86% of the kidswear are of co tton. Branded kids apparel market is in its nascent stage in India with a handful of national and international brands. Industry analyst estimate that market size of branded kidswear in India including brands like Ruff Kids, Ruff Baby, Planet Kids, Gini & Jony, ZAPP, Li’l Tomatoes, and Weekender Kids is estimated to be around Rs 1,000 Crore. They positively assert that branded market for kids is growing at 15% per annum. International brands including Barbie, Mothercare, Benetton Kids, Pepe, Lee Kids, Tommy Hilfiger, and Adams Kids have also entered the Indian market.

Management and leadership Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Management and leadership - Research Paper Example Another difference between management and leadership is related to their approach and perspectives. At Boeing, managers always think incrementally and they do everything in accordance with the company’s policy, whereas leaders think radically and they follow their own initiations in the benefit of the company. The Boeing Company hires managers based on their managerial as well as leadership skills. The company believes that a good manager is one who can motivate and lead the employees effectively by setting his/her own example. Leadership is one of the main elements of Boeing’s culture. It has its roots in every department as all managers lead the employees towards increased performance and productivity. Rampur (2010) states, â€Å"In the corporate world, leadership is undoubtedly the most important action that has to be considered if you want to get the work done collectively†. Every department of Boeing works in partnership with the Boeing Leadership Center that works towards ensuring on-the-job successes by providing leadership development opportunities to the managers of all departments. Managers working at Boeing not only manage and control their employees according to the company’s employee management policy but also help them achieve their tasks in an appropriate manner. Boeing’s senior management support matrix structure and provide clear direction to the employees. They possess all qualities of good leaders, such as, assertiveness, visionary outlook, and skills to influence others. The core essence of a true leader is to improve organizational processes by motivating and influencing the employees. Every department of the Boeing Company strives to improve at all levels and that is not possible if the managers do not possess leadership skills. Therefore, we can say that although the concepts of management and leadership have some differences but every manager working at Boeing possesses both managerial and leadership skills to ensure

The Universality of Roles and Responsibilities Essay

The Universality of Roles and Responsibilities - Essay Example The study will also seek support from the views contradictory to the ones presented by Clark in order to make a comparative examination of the entire scenario under consideration in order to draw out convincing conclusion subsequently. Since the contemporary era has introduced the new division of labor in the wake of the growing responsibilities in almost all cultures of the globe, the critics and analysts also look into various matters by assigning extra obligations to both the genders in order to tackle with the challenges modern life offers to man. Stephen Clark, in the light of the anthropological studies, elucidates the concepts of various types of family setups, including patriarchic, matriarchic, neo-local, polygamous, polyandrous and monogamous etc (35-36), which seeks their roots in different traditional and conventional cultures of the world at large. Consequently, some cultural traits submit to male dominance in political, social, economic and domestic affairs, while the s ame supremacy is attributed to females in some societies of ancient, medieval and modern eras at large. Hence, the division of labor has always been established divergently in various zones and regions of the world (36). Though in some primitive societies, women appear to be responsible for the fulfillment of the economic needs of the entire family, while males were supposed to nourish and look after the young ones (Ember & Ember 2011); nevertheless, an overwhelming majority of human cultures assigned political, economic and social obligations to their male stratum, while females were responsible for all domestic chores including cleansing of house, washing and child rearing etc (Schlafly 2003). As a result, history is replete with the far active and dynamic participation of males in state affairs on the one hand, and their exclusive involvement in the activities related to hunting and gathering, and trade and commerce in general (Bartky 2003). Similarly, Midgley & Hughes (2003) all ude to the nature-nurture debate while elaborating the differences in gender roles, where they regard male-female differences as an outcome of a genetic constitution on the one hand, and due to the socialization process of the individuals on the other (222). Bartky (2003) analyzes the male-female division of labor in the light of Marxist perspective, where male play the role of producer/owner, while females serve as workers and laborers i.e. proletariat, who pay time and services to the products i.e. children and home, which actually belong to men (223-24). Hence, they undergo exploitation by receiving just eye-wash against their contributions for home, but the lion’s share goes to the producer i.e. males, who offer the least share of the profit to the proletariat, leaving them at the state of uncertainty and disappointment subsequently (226). On the one side, Bartky condemns unequal distribution of status between the genders; and on the other side, Okin (2003) declares the i nstitution of marriage as the source of complete exploitation of women both inside and outside the home as wives and professionals respectively (238-39). Hence, she presents a scenario that presents an entire feminist perspective in it, where the women appear to be the target of humiliation, hatred, domestic violence etc.  

America history since 1865 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

America history since 1865 - Essay Example After the Civil Rights Movement, all practices that discriminated the negro that include laws, norms (giving up a seat to a white), segregation was ended and paved the way for policies that elevated the Negro to have more place in American society such as the Affirmative Action Policy. Today, United States has now an Afro American President to the person of President Obama which would not have been possible without the Civil Rights Movement. II. Growth of government and state power   The New Deal was a government program of action by President Roosevelt to address the Great Depression when he assumed office as a President of the United States on March 4, 1933 I believe is the most important aspect of government’s growth and state power. The New Deal lifted the United States economy from the shambles of the Great Depression to become an economic superpower after the Second World War. President Roosevelt’s New Deal involved a series of economic programs focused on Relie f, Recovery and Reform of the economy not only to address the Great Depression but also to avoid the repetition of the same. Among the programs of his new deal was the obtained permission to reopen most banks and provided grants to citizens. He instituted government initiated work programs to generate employment through the Works Progress Administration (WPA) programs. President Roosevelt also pump primed the economy with the widespread public spending on infrastructure by constructing roads, buildings, dams and similar projects through his Public Works Administration (PWA) which provided not only jobs but income in the system. He also enlisted young men in the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) to work on conservation projects. President Roosevelt’s New Deal was to elevate both income and prices which dropped during the depression. When Second World War came in 1941, President Roosevelt shifted his attention to foreign policy to address the war. The war proved to be good for the US economy because the massive spending to build war machines double the country’s Gross National Product or GNP and reduced unemployment rate from 14% to less than 2%. III. United States Foreign Affairs   I would like to discuss the immigrants in the Chesapeake and New England as America’s early experience in Foreign Affairs because these migrations in 16th and 17th century helped shape the kind of country that she is today. In between 16th and 17th century, immigrants from England settled into the eastern coast of the colonized New World which was then known as America. These groups settled into two regions which were the Chesapeake and New England areas. Chesapeake included Virginia, Maryland, New Jerseys (East and West), Pennsylvania and Jamestown while New England composed of included Massachusetts Bay Colony, Plymouth, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Haven. While these immigrants came from the same country and spoke the same tongue, they proved to become different kind of people when they settled into these regions of America. Settlers in Chesapeake came into America mainly for economic reason while immigrants in the New England settled in America to escape the religious persecution back in England. Those who went to Chesapeake were into finding riches while those who settled in New England hoped to have religious freedom which they did not have back in England. Having different reason and motivation

A Marketing Communication plan for an eco-tourism Assignment

A Marketing Communication plan for an eco-tourism - Assignment Example Australia being rich and diverse in natural wonders has immense potential to carve a niche market of its own. It has been targeting nature conscious travelers to explore its beauty. We shall take a look on one of the marketing communication tools that will be effective in the promotion of Eco tourism in Australia. Tourism is one of the largest and most profitable industries that promote the unique blend of nature with culture. .After the dissolution of political embargoes in many countries in Africa and Asia, travelers have realized that there is a world to explore which would showcase the wonders of nature, spellbinding beauty and heterogeneous cultures and tradition. . Before the world experienced the impact of global warming and climate change, tourists were restricted to travel in well advertised areas, buying souvenirs, sending post cards and as a result they become an looker in the traveling process.. That has changed. Travelers are now venturing to destinations that give them the opportunity to be a part of the local ecological system. Tourism directly and indirectly plays a vital role in bridging the gap of different cultures and values and forms a symbiosis of curious minds. It also pertinent to the economic growth of the region. It is a direct and indirect source of socio-economic development of the indigenous people of the place. According to World Tourism Organization statistics, WTO tourism 2020 vision forecasts that international arrivals are expected to reach over 1.56 Billion by the year 2020. Of these worldwide arrivals in 2020, 1.18 Billion will be intraregional and 377millionlong haul travelers. Due to the emission of green house gases , the mean temperature of the earth is slowly rising resulting in the shift of season change and extinction of rare species of the flora and fauna. It is causing irreparable damage and imbalance in the ecological

Salt-water Invasion in Coastal Wells Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Salt-water Invasion in Coastal Wells - Essay Example This paper declares that  most importantly, they require a reliable source of freshwater for drinking and for other related purposes. Therefore, it is of great importance that the government and other stakeholders prevent saltwater invasion into the coastal wells by ensuring supportive maintenance of ground water supply.This study outlines that ground water supply amounts to one-third of the water supply within the great coastal areas of Los Angeles. Surprisingly, saltwater is continuously penetrating into some parts of the supply hence a significant part of the remainder is at risk. Relatively, the U.S. Geological scientists are working in conjunction with other local water agencies with view of establishing the main connection between coastal aquifers and the offshore geology in order to understand better saltwater intrusion processes and pathways. Finally, saltwater intrusion into coastal wells is proving to be a serious menace since without treatment, the contaminated water doe s not conform to either drinking water or agricultural standards. Nevertheless, the U.S. government is seeking to contain this disaster by carrying out intensive research. U.S Geological scientists are collaborating with Long Beach Harbors in data collection using reflection seismology acoustic technique. This collected data will help experts understand the mechanism surrounding the saltwater intrusion into coastal wells that will in turn provide the relevant measures required in order to stop the intrusion permanently.

Reaction of the video Well-founded Fear Documentary Essay

Reaction of the video Well-founded Fear Documentary - Essay Example Those working in the offices are in a high-stress environment. The impact of the documentary created ripples in the mindset of the administrators of asylum issues and some of them ordered its compulsory viewing for their staff members. I think that it is a good administrative move towards experiencing the harsh realities the asylum seekers have to face. Legal and Advocacy Communities have found this documentary invaluable for furthering their cause and they have incorporated viewing of the movie into their programs of in-service trainings. The political and ethical issues raised in the film are highly relevant. Immigration advocates have found this an invaluable asset to advances their cause. This documentary has been a hit also with the general audiences. It has made a deep impact in over a million households in America and educated them in detail about the complicated asylum and refugee issues. The real-life stories provide a human face on abstract issues. Viewers experience the inner compulsions to express opinions. In brief, this documentary has ushered in a mini social revolution and initiated a conversation and a national debate. Thanks to the technological innovations, the message of this documentary has reached all over the world and has created a long-term impact on the market-driven society. Scorning refugees from other countries and sending them back, is as good as awarding them with death sentence in some cases. Politics devoid of compassion is an unethical policy. In some countries asylum seekers are detained in awful conditions. Each asylum seeker wishes to live peacefully and he is seeking asylum due to adverse conditions in his place of birth. The documentary vividly describes why it is necessary to give people a fair go and permit them to seek refugee status and support human rights. Asylum seeking process should not be a war of persecution. As members of the global community, the immigration authorities

Salt-water Invasion in Coastal Wells Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Salt-water Invasion in Coastal Wells - Essay Example This paper declares that  most importantly, they require a reliable source of freshwater for drinking and for other related purposes. Therefore, it is of great importance that the government and other stakeholders prevent saltwater invasion into the coastal wells by ensuring supportive maintenance of ground water supply.This study outlines that ground water supply amounts to one-third of the water supply within the great coastal areas of Los Angeles. Surprisingly, saltwater is continuously penetrating into some parts of the supply hence a significant part of the remainder is at risk. Relatively, the U.S. Geological scientists are working in conjunction with other local water agencies with view of establishing the main connection between coastal aquifers and the offshore geology in order to understand better saltwater intrusion processes and pathways. Finally, saltwater intrusion into coastal wells is proving to be a serious menace since without treatment, the contaminated water doe s not conform to either drinking water or agricultural standards. Nevertheless, the U.S. government is seeking to contain this disaster by carrying out intensive research. U.S Geological scientists are collaborating with Long Beach Harbors in data collection using reflection seismology acoustic technique. This collected data will help experts understand the mechanism surrounding the saltwater intrusion into coastal wells that will in turn provide the relevant measures required in order to stop the intrusion permanently.

Animal Cruelty in China Essay Example for Free

Animal Cruelty in China Essay Now our eyes are lashed by animal-abusing events nearby: Liu Haiyang, a Qinghua University student, hurt bears by sulphuric acid; tigers in circus troupe died of tiredness; thousands upon thousands of pet dogs in Guangzhou have them vocal cords cuthere are still countless such examples too tragic to look upon. The lesson we learn from that is not the transaction to individual event, but the need of some deep-going thinking: why does China have no related laws to ban and penalize similar commitment, when our society is increasingly developed; and why can our citizens turn blind in front of such atrocities when they are kept in a nation with profound Buddhism origin. Few people in China care about the feelings of animals or possess the concept of animal welfare. Some traditional factors play a positive role in this field. From childhood, anything about animals, most Chinese children get in touch with has undoubtedly put man above them. Even some of the children songs have described the nature of animals as malicious, such as slippery fox and ruthless wolf and so on, which not only casts a dark shadow over their hearts, but also leaves a wide gap between animals and children. These can all be taken in at a glance at the old saying: Man is the master of the universe. Disdain in spirit may lead to cruelty in action. As a result, man endows himself the natural rights to dominate the universe at the thought of human rights is gifted by the God, and take the life of animals as trifling matters. The civilized man always divides creatures into mankind and animals. The reason is no doubt that man thinks high of himself. Then is the deep-rooted human priority really true? Why should we insist on the inferiority of animals? Darwin has particularly compared the intellect of man and lower orders animals. He hold the opinion that we now know that the sensory organs, intuition, all kinds of emotions and functions, such as, love, memory, attention, curiosity, imitating and reasoning abilities, etc. Scientists have proved that animals possess sense perception as man does, which makes us have to ask ourselves a question: in the past 200 years, why did men keep extending the idea of ethics from state to nation, then to race, and finally to all individuals? Of course, morality has economic limitation. The reason because we found the former practice unfair. History shows that the category of ethical ideas is continuously expanding, and its extent keeps deepening. Man will finally break each kind of discovered unfairness, but we still exclude most perceptive species. Man could not communicate with animals in language, nor could they by other means. Therefore, man could not understand their agony and thereby took it as granted that animals could not sense pain. But now, man can measure whether an animal is suffering pain by some quantified standards. Experiments also proved the ability of animals to sense pain. If man still disregards their feelings in such a case, then it can by no means be considered a noble thing. A Chinese proverb says that never give anything to the others unless you like the thing. It may be changed into never give anything man dislike to them. Then how should we judge the suitable category of ethics at present level? I believe that the profit of each object involved in an action should all be considered. Therefore, we should extend the category of ethics to all species that are able to sense pain, joy and happiness. Why cannot man recognize animals in real life? The reason is that morality also has limitation of society. In reality there are usually conflicts between man and animal. Once man thinks an animal is harmful to him, he will show defense and hostility, considering not at all its welfare. Humans treat other humans still like this, let alone towards animals incapable of communicating in human languages. Therefore, powerful binding force is needed to seek welfare for animals. From the legal point of view, the inheritance of excellent Chinese traditional morality should be absorbed by newly discussed Chinese Animal Welfare Laws. Although it is easy to learn from abroad, it still needs persevering efforts of several years to really make the idea of animal welfare go deep into the hearts of most Chinese citizens. Since China has now been one of the members of World Trade Organization, the legal system and civilization level must catch up with the steps of economy linked to international developed countries. Thus, the development is wholesome, up-going and full-scale. It will be a great victory of global animal welfare cause to realize its popularization in China, a country that takes up one fifth of the world population. Up till now, most countries have enacted related laws and regulations. Many experience shows that in a society, the more advanced the economy, and the deeper the democratic idea goes into people heart, the much easier the concept of animal welfare is popularized and accepted by its citizens. Whether a person owns a kind heart can also be judged by his treatment toward animals. It is said that some criminologists point out that the maltreatment toward animals in childhood is a sign of the risk of committing crimes after grown up. Law is the minimal morality. The love and attention to animals should be from the bottom of hearts, instead of the regulation at legal levels. Maybe when human society reaches the stage of, in the word of Confucius, every life being equal, it is the time that animals finally be liberated. Universal love has no distinction between species. This is a world shared together by man and animals. China has started fairly late, but we may not escape or be absent in the trend of universal love. The future is bright but the way is zigzag. I would like to cite this Chinese proverb to describe the situation of Animal Welfare Law in China and I hope all the animals live happier life in the future, in China.

Types And History Of Heat Detectors Engineering Essay

Types And History Of Heat Detectors Engineering Essay Fire is one of the biggest threats people are facing in our society these days. Many methods are being used to prevent such danger on the citizens, such as making sure that every house has a fire extinguisher incase of fire starting in a persons house. These methods are improving by time and are getting more advanced and safer for the protection of people. Many changes were made to a fire alarm, yet the most recent and favorite ones are the fire detectors with all its types. However, to avoid danger most latest buildings provide each flat with a fire detector that can detect any hazard that will be caused by fire caused unintentionally. Fire alarms consist of many different types mainly smoke alarm detectors and heat detectors. We chose to build our own heat detector that detects any change in the temperature of the room. This experiment will include mainly a heat sensor and a temperature detector, and a buzzer that turns on when the temperature changes. The report includes a search on different types of fire alarms and their use. Types of fire alarms à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ It is definitely hard to get robbed and lose your belongings, yet a thief will leave your home where you live with your family and are considered your shelter. Fire will leave nothing except ashes of what was before a house. However, fire can be a very destructive force. Acting too late in the instance of a fire can not only entail the loss of your property, but of your life as well. This is the reason is why having a fire alarm in your home is necessary. Brief historyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The first automatic electric fire alarm was invented n 1890 by Francis Robbins Upton. In late 1930s the Swiss physicist Walter Jaeger tried to invent a sensor for poison gas. He expected that gas entering the sensor would bind to ionize air molecules and thereby alter an electric current in a circuit in the instrument. Francis Upton His device failed (small concentration of gas had no effect on the senors conductivity). When Jaeger lit a cigarette he was surprised to notice that a meter on eh instrument had registered a drop on current. Therefore, he discovered that smoke particles had done what poison gas could not do. Jaegers experiment was one of advances that paved the way for the modern day smoke detector. Smoke detectors started off with a generally high price that people couldnt afford, except for major businesses and theaters. The first affordable smoke detectors were invented by Duane D. Pearsall and Stanley Peterson in 1965, featuring individual battery powered units that could be easily installed and replaced. The first units for mass production came from the manufacturing mind of Stanley B. Peterson in 1975 at Duane Pearsalls company in Lakewood. These first units were made from strong fire resistant steel and shaped much like a bees hive. The battery was a rechargeable specialize unit created by gat es energy. We all know that fire alarms are designed to alert people to the possibility of a fire in their homes. Although any smoke alarm can be useful, it is often recommended that you choose a specific type of fire alarm for your home. This is because certain types of fire alarms can be more suited for certain places and for certain people. There are different types of fire alarms that people usually choose from to use in their houses for protection. Smoke detector 1) Smoke alarm detectors These are the most common types of fire alarms. Often, the term smoke alarm is used interchangeably with fire alarm. Smoke alarms actually detect smoke, not the actual fire. There are generally two types of smoke alarms: A) Photoelectric This type of fire alarm sees the smoke. This fire alarm is particularly responsive to smoldering fires or the type of fires that give out a lot of smoke. These are ideal for places where there are things like PVC (Polyvinyl chloride) or foam. This fire alarm, though, is slightly more expensive than ionization alarms. This fire alarm must also be kept clean since it can give off false alerts due to dust and insects. In one type of photoelectric device, smoke can block a light beam. In this case, the reduction in light reaching a photocell sets off the alarm. In the most common type of photoelectric unit, however, light is scattered by smoke particles onto a photocell, initiating an alarm. In this type of detector there is a T-shaped chamber with a light-emitting diode (LED) that shoots a beam of light across the horizontal bar of the T. A photocell, positioned at the bottom of the vertical base of the T, generates a current when it is exposed to light. Under smoke-free conditions, the light beam crosses the top of the T in an uninterrupted straight line, not striking the photocell positioned at a right angle below the beam. When smoke is present, the light is scattered by smoke particles, and some of the light is directed down the vertical part of the T to strike the photocell. When sufficient light hits the cell, the current triggers the alarm. Figure 1 -In this type of detector there is a figure 2- When sufficient light hits the cell, T-shaped chamber with a light-emitting the current triggers the alarm. Diode (LED) that shoots a beam of light across the horizontal bar of the T. B) Ionization This type of fire alarm detects the invisible particles caused by combustion. As opposed to the photoelectric fire alarm seeing the smoke, this type feels the smoke. This can best detect flaming fires with no visible smoke. However, you should not place this type of fire alarm in the kitchen as it is susceptible to false alarms. It is also cheaper than other types of fire alarms. Ionization detectors have an ionization chamber and a source of ionizing radiation. The ionization chamber consists of two plates separated by about a centimeter. The battery applies a voltage to the plates, charging one plate positive and the other plate negative. Alpha particles constantly released by the americium knock electrons off of the atoms in the air, ionizing the oxygen and nitrogen atoms in the chamber. The positively-charged oxygen and nitrogen atoms are attracted to the negative plate and the electrons are attracted to the positive plate, generating a small, continuous electric current. When smoke enters the ionization chamber, the smoke particles attach to the ions and neutralize them, so they do not reach the plate. The drop in current between the plates triggers the alarm. Which Method is better? Both ionization and photoelectric detectors are effective smoke sensors. Both types of smoke detectors must pass the same test to be certified as UL smoke detectors. Ionization detectors respond more quickly to flaming fires with smaller combustion particles; photoelectric detectors respond more quickly to flaming fires. In either type of detector, steam or high humidity can lead to condensation on the circuit board and sensor, causing the alarm to sound. Ionization detectors are less expensive than photoelectric detectors, but some users purposely disable them because they are more likely to sound an alarm from normal cooking due to their sensitivity to minute smoke particles. However, ionization detectors have a degree of built-in security not inherent to photoelectric detectors. When the battery starts to fail in an ionization detector, the ion current falls and the alarm sounds, warning that it is time to change the battery before the detector becomes ineffective. Back-up batteri es may be used for photoelectric detectors. Ionization chamber Heat detector Smoke alarms in homes can go off whenever theres smoke present. If a person smokes cigarettes, burns food or lights incense, a smoke alarm might go off. A heat detector, on the other hand, is indifferent to how much or what type of smoke is in the air. It will only react when it detects a change in heat, associating that heat change with the possibility of a fire in the area. 2) Heat alarm detectors- are devices that respond to changes in temperature of the surrounding area. If the ambient temperature rises above a predetermined threshold an alarm signal is triggered. In the case of sprinkle systems, water will be released to extinguish the fire. Heat detectors can also be further broken into two main classifications: Rate-of-rise heat detectors- ROR heat detectors react to the sudden change or rise in ambient temperature from a normal baseline condition. Any sudden temperature increase that matches the predetermined alarm criteria will cause an alarm. This type of heat detector can react to a lower threshold condition than would be possible if the threshold were fixed. A typical alarm may sound when the rate of the temperature rise exceeds the rate that was chosen as the normal safe rate of the temperature per minute. However, it detects fires that rapidly grow in intensity. This method responds to abnormally fast temperature increases. Fixed temperature heat detectors- this type of detector reacts when the ambient temperature reaches a fixed point. The most common fixed temperature point is 136.4 F (58C). Recent technological developments have enabled the perfection of detector that activate at a temperature of 117 F (47 C), providing increased time to escape. This method detects fires that build temperatures to a high level at a slow rate. This method responds to a specific temperature setting. A fixed head detector must be completely heated to alarm temperature and therefore a disastrous interval in time may occur with a fast rate fire. Which method is better? Heat detectors commonly have a label on them that says not a life safety device. That is because heat detectors are not meant to replace smoke detectors in the bedrooms or in the hallway outside of the bedrooms. A heat detector will nonetheless notify of a fire in a kitchen, where smoke detectors should not be installed. This will allow more time to evacuate the building or put out the fire if possible. Each type of heat detector has its advantages, and it cannot be said that one type is better than the other. If we placed a rate-of-rise heat detector above a large, closed oven, then every time the door is opened an alarm could be generated due to the sudden heat transient. In this situation the fixed threshold detector would probably be best. If a room filled with highly combustible materials is protected with a fixed heat detector then a fast-flaming fire could exceed the alarm threshold due to thermal interval. In that case the rate-of-rise heat detector may be preferred. The secret of the heat detection units sensitivity is in the design. The outer shell is made of a rapidly expanding alloy which closely follows changes in surrounding air temperature. The inner struts are made of a lower expanding alloy. Designed to resist thermal energy absorption and sealed inside the shell, the struts follow temperature changes more slowly. A slow rate fire will heat the shell and struts together. At the set point, the unit will trigger, actuating the alarm or releasing the extinguishment. A transient rush of warm air up to 40 °F /min. may expand the shell, but not enough to trigger the unit. By ignoring transient warm air excursions, the DETECT-A-FIRE unit virtually eliminates false alarms prevalent with rate-of-rise devices. If a fast rate fire starts, the shell will expand rapidly. The struts will close, actuating the alarm or releasing the agent. The faster the fire rate of growth, the sooner the DETECT-A-FIRE unit will react. Why Heat Detectors? No annoying beep when the battery is low Best loop capability Affordable compared to other detectors Immunity towards electromagnetic interference Resistive against contagion like UV and IR rays No necessity to change batteries Inherently secure and reliable